An extensive description of the microbiological effects of silver diamine fluoride on dental biofilms using an oral in situ model.

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has been long studied in laboratories, and its clinical effectiveness in the treatment and prevention of root caries has been reported. In the present study, we assessed the microbiological effects of SDF on dental biofilms grown on demineralized dentin in situ. Specifically, demineralized bovine root dentin slabs used as biofilm substrates were treated with 38% SDF, and the biofilms formed after this treatment were analyzed via real-time PCR, DEAD/LIVE cell staining, and SEM. Next, the viable cell count was determined, and microbial profiles were compared using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Untreated slabs were used as controls. We observed significant decreases in viable cell counts (p < 0.05), number of biofilm-forming cells (p < 0.01), biofilm thickness (p < 0.01), and high proportion of dead cells with SDF treatment (p < 0.01). The microcolonies in the SDF-treated biofilms showed less complexity, and only a limited number of genera were differentially abundant between the groups. Microbial diversity index comparisons showed no significant differences between the groups with respect to treatments days (p = 0.362). Thus, SDF negatively influenced dental biofilm growth on demineralized root dentin in situ; however, its antimicrobial action did not target a specific oral taxon.

Next-Generation Sequencing for Determining the Effect of Arginine on Human Dental Biofilms Using an In Situ Model.

Oral biofilms are associated with caries, periodontal diseases, and systemic diseases. Generally, antimicrobial therapy is used as the first line of treatment for infectious diseases; however, bacteria in biofilms eventually develop antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to apply our in situ biofilm model to verify whether an arginine preparation is useful for plaque control. Ten healthy subjects who did not show signs of caries, gingivitis, or periodontitis were recruited. The dental biofilms from the subjects were obtained using our oral device before and after gargling with arginine solution for 4 weeks. We found that 8% arginine solution significantly increased the concentration of ammonium ions (NH4 +) in vitro and in vivo in saliva (p < 0.05) and decreased the proportions of the genera Atopobium and Catonella in vivo. However, the viable count was unaffected by the mouthwash. Further, oral populations of the genera Streptococcus and Neisseria tended to increase with the use of arginine. Therefore, we concluded that using an 8% arginine solution decreased the NH4 + concentration in the oral cavity without affecting the number of viable bacteria, and that the diversity of oral bacterial flora changed. We suggest that arginine might help prevent mature biofilm formation.

Impacts of sleep on the characteristics of dental biofilm.

Dental biofilm present on the tooth surface is associated with oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Because bacterial numbers rapidly increase in saliva during sleep, oral care before sleeping is recommended for the prevention of chronic oral diseases. However, temporal circadian changes in the quantity and quality of dental biofilms are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of sleeping on dental biofilm amounts and compositions by using an in situ model. The use of this in situ model enabled us to investigate dental biofilm formed in the oral cavity and to perform a quantitative analysis. Subjects began wearing oral splints in the morning or before sleeping, and biofilm samples were collected at 8, 16, and 24 h after the subjects began wearing oral splints; these samples were then used in various experiments. No significant changes in the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were caused by sleep. However, the relative abundances of genera related to periodontitis (i.e., Fusobacterium and Prevotella) increased after awakening. In conclusion, the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were not affected by sleep, and the abundances of obligate anaerobes increased after sleep. This research may aid in defining efficacious preventive oral care.

Temporal dynamics of bacterial microbiota in the human oral cavity determined using an in situ model of dental biofilms.

Numerous studies on oral biofilms have been performed in vitro, although it is difficult to mimic the oral environment. Here we used an in situ model to conduct a quantitative analysis and comprehensive identification of bacterial communities over time by performing deep sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. We show here that the number of viable bacteria in supragingival biofilms increased in two steps. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy, we detected gram-positive cocci during the first 8 h. The biofilm was subsequently covered with a thick matrix-like structure composed of different bacterial morphotypes that diversified as the number of bacteria increased. Streptococcus accounted for >20% of the population until 16 h, and obligate anaerobes such as Fusobacterium, Prevotella and Porphyromonas predominated after 48 h, and this increase was statistically significant after 96 h (P<0.05). Together, our data demonstrate that an initial population of facultative anaerobic bacteria was replaced with a population of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria during oral biofilm formation. This study, therefore, contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the composition of the bacterial microbiota involved in the health of the human oral cavity.

Electrotactile Augmentation for Carving Guidance.

In this study, we presented an efficient and unobtrusive tactile feedback system, which is used to train dental technicians in carving tasks using a wax stick and knife. First, we developed a method for generating performance metrics using a model-based estimation of clearance angles between an object's surface and the carving blade. The calculated clearance angles are compared with desired angles obtained from expert operators. Then, angular errors are presented as tactile cues to the user's finger pads through electrical stimuli at the middle phalanx of the index finger and the thumb. Subsequently, we conducted a feasibility test with novice dental technicians, who showed improvement in initial clearance angles of carving strokes. Moreover, the results showed significant reduction in the occurrence rate of poor-carving when using the proposed system. From these results, we concluded that electrotactile augmentation can provide effective guidance for carving tasks.

Mouthguards: difference in longitudinal dimensional stability between single- and double-laminated fabrication techniques.

Though the use of mouthguards (MGs) has increased with the increase in sporting activities, little is known about the influence of their fabrication methods on longitudinal dimensional stability. The objective of this study was to compare the difference in the longitudinal dimensional stability between single and laminated MGs. Single-layer MGs were made from a 4.0 mm thick ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheet and laminated MGs were made from two 2.0 mm thick sheets of EVA. MGs were kept in a 37 degrees C water bath for 60 h, equivalent to the time period of 3-months inter-oral use. MG deformation was analyzed by measuring designated points on the MG border using a profile projector (J-12, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) before and after the water immersion. A finite-element model was also created to examine the time course of stress accumulation during the sheet forming process using Finite Element software. Longitudinal deformation was smaller in the laminated MGs than in the single-layer MGs in the anterior area (P < 0.05). Finite element method (FEM) analysis also showed the largest stress accumulation in the anterior incisal area where deformations were mainly observed. Laminated double layer MGs have advantages over single-layer MGs in terms of longitudinal stability due to lower stress accumulation during the fabrication process.

The influence of working cast residual moisture and temperature on the fit of vacuum-forming athletic mouth guards.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The comfort and effectiveness of athletic mouth guards are believed to depend on their degree of fit to oral tissues. Vacuum-forming machines are simpler and less expensive than pressure-forming machines. However, it is thought that vacuum-formed mouth guards often do not exhibit adequate adaptation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cast residual moisture and temperature on the fit of athletic mouth guards made with a vacuum-forming machine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A metal master model simulating the cross section of the maxillary molar region was used to form 20 working plaster casts. The casts represented 4 (5 specimens each) conditions before the forming of the mouth guard specimens: storing in a wet environment at room temperature and storing in a dry environment at room temperature, 5 degrees C, and 40 degrees C. Mouth guard specimens were fabricated with ethylene vinyl acetate sheets (3.8-mm thick) with the use of a vacuum-forming machine. Test casts were created by pouring hand-mixed type III dental stone into each of the mouth guard specimens. The differences in the sagittal cross-sectional heights at the line angle area of the test casts and the working casts were compared. This was achieved by superimposing their 3-dimensional images scanned by a laser scanner. The air permeability was also measured for the hand-mixed stone casts under wet and dry conditions, the vacuum-mixed stone cast, and the high-strength stone specimen. This was achieved by measuring the volume of transmitted air passing through the specimen in the testing tube. One-way analysis of variance with the Scheffé post hoc test (P <.05) was applied to determine the conditions of the working cast required to achieve the best fit. RESULTS: With regard to the fit of the mouth guard specimens to the working cast, those with dry and heated working casts showed a significantly better fit than those with wet working casts (P<.05). A significantly larger volume of transmitted air was found in the dry stone specimen (P<.05) followed by the dry high-strength stone cast and then the wet stone cast. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, residual moisture in the working cast was the most critical factor in determining the fit of the mouth guard made by vacuum-forming machines. The best fit was achieved when the working cast was thoroughly dried and its surface temperature was elevated.